Irreducible Dislocation of the Great Toe Interphalangeal Joint, Dorsal, and Plantar. Management and Long-term Evolution.

Introduction: Irreducible dislocation of the great toe interphalangeal (IP) joint is a rare injury that has scarcely been reported in dorsal direction, but no reported in plantar direction. Closed reduction usually leads to sesamoid incarceration, making the reduction impossible. The purpose of this article is to review the management of irreducible IP dislocation of the great toe presenting three new patients who cover several forms: Open and closed dorsal Miki Type 2 dislocation and one chronic neglected plantar dislocation. Case Report: These three new cases demonstrate different presentations of IP (adolescents or young adults, open or closed, acute or chronic, dorsal, and plantar). Usually, Miki's Type I is the result of a failed IP dorsal Miki's 2 dislocation reduction. Closed reduction without traction is not usually sufficient, thus percutaneous reduction with K-wire fixation or open reduction should be employed. Open reduction was required in these cases. A Kirschner wire was used to for temporal immobilization in two of the cases and a buddy strapping securing to the second toe for 3 weeks in the three cases. Conclusion: In dorsal dislocations the reduction must be performed without axial traction and only by pressure in the base of the phalanx. Secondary to the trial of orthopedic reduction or spontaneously, incarceration of the sesamoids bones is the rule (Miki 1). In this situation, percutaneous or open reduction must be performed. Plantar dislocation does not provoque intra-articular sesamoid interposition. This article describes the first reported case of neglected plantar dislocation that required open reduction, similar management adding that the long-term functional prognosis is good.

Avascular necrosis of the proximal epiphysis of the first metatarsal bone in childhood. Long-term outcome.

Ten-year old boy with an 8-month history of limping for pain in the dorsomedial region of the right midfoot. At examination, there were signs of local swelling and tenderness to palpation, as well as antalgic gait with internal rotation. X-ray results showed widening of the proximal epiphysis of the first metatarsal. One month later, local fragmentation with hypodense and sclerotic areas was observed. MRI showed fragmentation, sclerosis, and collapse in the proximal epiphysis consistent with avascular necrosis of the proximal epiphysis of the first metatarsal bone. Patient was only recommended to avoid any physical activity that could increase the load on the foot, without pharmacological treatment. Symptoms spontaneously subsided over the course of six weeks and local pain disappeared after four months. Four years later, the patient remains asymptomatic, playing sports. A high index of suspicion is needed to avoid superfluous diagnostic tests, as it is a self-resolving lesion.

Necrosis avascular de la epífisis proximal del primer metatarsiano en la infancia. Evolución a largo plazo. / Necrosis avascular de la epífisis proximal del primer metatarsianoen la infancia. Evolución a largo plazo

Paciente varón de 10 años edad con cojera de 8 meses de evolución por dolor en la zona dorsomedial del antepie derecho. Presentaba inflamación local, dolor local y marcha antiálgica con rotación interna. No existían signos de flogosis, erosiones, eritema o fiebre. La radiografía mostraba ensanchamiento de la epifisis proximal del primer metatarsiano. Un mes después se podía observar fragmentación, esclerosis y colapso en radiografía y en resonancia magnética compatible con necrosis avascular de la epífisis proximal del primer metatarsiano. Se prescribió evitar actividades físicas con carga en el pie. Los síntomas remitieron espontáneamente en las siguientes seis semanas y el dolor local lo hizo tras cuatro meses. Cuatro años más tarde permanece asintomático, realizando deporte. Es una causa excepcional de cojera en la infancia. Se necesita un alto índice de sospecha para evitar realizar pruebas complementarias superfluas dado que es una entidad autoresoluble.(AU)

Paciente varón de 10 años edad con cojera de 8 meses de evolución por dolor en la zona dorsomedial del antepie derecho. Presentaba inflamación local, dolor local y marcha antiálgica con rotación interna. No existían signos de flogosis, erosiones, eritema o fiebre. La radiografía mostraba ensanchamiento de la epifisis proximal del primer metatarsiano. Un mes después se podía observar fragmentación, esclerosis y colapso en radiografía y en resonancia magnética compatible con necrosis avascular de la epífisis proximal del primer metatarsiano. Se prescribió evitar actividades físicas con carga en el pie. Los síntomas remitieron espontáneamente en las siguientes seis semanas y el dolor local lo hizo tras cuatro meses. Cuatro años más tarde permanece asintomático, realizando deporte.Es una causa excepcional de cojera en la infancia. Se necesita un alto índice de sospecha para evitar realizar pruebas complementarias superfluas dado que es una entidad autoresoluble.(AU)

Prospective study of pediatric medial humeral epicondyle fractures nonoperatively treated. Clinical, radiologic, and functional evaluation at long term.

The objective of the study is to evaluate the natural history of the medial epicondyle avulsion in children with nonoperative treatment (NOPT) on different magnitude of displacement and long-term follow-up. A prospective study of 34 patients with medial epicondyle avulsion with (NOPT) was performed. Clinical test (stability, strength, atrophy, tenderness, Tinel test, and range of motion), subjective scores [Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Likert scale, side-to-side valgus test], and objective four scores were performed. Age at the time of injury was 8.9 ± 2.81 years. Follow-up was 7 ± 2.81 years. Four of the patients had anterior displacement. Displacement varied between 3 and 26 mm (10.49 ± 6.16 mm). Subjective: VAS and ordinal three-point Likert scale were excellent. Objective results were also excellent Mayo Elbow Score: 98.67 ± 4.31 (85-100), Oxford Elbow Score: 59.35 ± 1.68 (51-100), Elbow Assessment Score System: 96.27 ± 9.77 (57-100), Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score 0.64 ± 1.001 (0-4.16). We did not find any differences in strength or forearm diameter. There was an extension deficit in seven cases with a significant association with the magnitude of displacement (P = 0.02) and with the presence of concomitant lesions or anterior displacement of the medial epicondyle >5 mm. All except one were stable clinically on valgus stress. There is a significant association between the objective outcomes (scores) and concomitant lesions but not with regards to the DASH score P = 0.102). There is no association between the magnitude of medial epicondyle displacement or the follow-up and the objective outcomes. Instability was associated with valgus stress activities. There is no association between the magnitude of displacement of the medial epicondyle or the follow-up and the objective outcomes. NOPT produces excellent subjective and objective outcomes that worsened when there were associated lesions, anterior medial epicondyle displacement, or in patients who performed activities with repeated valgus stress. Based on our study, NOPT is suitable except for Open Reduction Internal Fixation indications: absolute indications, high energy injury with associated lesions, medial humeral epicondyle fracture in the dominant elbow in patients subject to activities with chronic valgus stress, and anterior displacement.

Surgical repair of a thigh muscle herniation with synthetic mesh / Reparación quirúrgica de hernia muscular en muslo con malla sintética

We present the case of a 14-year-old female patient with a big muscle hernia in the thigh after extraction of a fascia lata strip to repair bilateral congenital ptosis. After three weeks, a progressive emergence of a large bulge between the two thigh incisions in a standing position was noticeable, with local discomfort, dull pain on exertion and unsightly appearance that worried the patient. On surgery three months later, a large tear in the fascia lata and muscle herniation was revealed. The fascial tear was debrided and a synthetic mesh was applied. Ten years later, the patient confirmed her continued asymptomatic condition. Muscular hernia of significant size as a consequence of a fascia lata strip harvest is extremely infrequent in adolescents. Surgical repair of big muscular hernias in extremities with synthetic mesh, usually used in groin hernia repair, is an infrequent orthopaedic tool but is safe, easy to apply and inexpensive

Presentamos el caso de una chica de 14 años con una gran hernia muscular en muslo tras extracción de una tira de fascia lata para ser utilizada en cirugía oftalmológica. Tres semanas más tarde era muy evidente en bipedestación un abultamiento entre ambas incisiones, con molestias locales, dolorimiento y preocupación por el aspecto estético. Tres meses más tarde se realizó intervención quirúrgica evidenciándose herniación de parte del músculo vasto externo con gran defecto fascial, que fue desbridado, aplicándose malla no reabsobible de polipropileno. Diez años más tarde la paciente confirmó que permanece asintomática. La aparición de una hernia muscular de gran tamaño en extremidades de adolescentes como consecuencia de extracción de fascia lata es extremadamente infrecuente. La reparación de hernias musculares de gran tamaño en extremidades mediante malla sintética, utilizada habitualmente en reparación de hernias inguinales, es una técnica rápida, segura y barata a tener en cuenta en cirugía ortopédica

Slipped capital femoral epiphysis in an ambulant patient with spastic cerebral palsy. A long-term evolution / Epifisiolisis proximal femoral en un paciente deambulante con parálisis cerebral espástica. Evolución a largo plazo

We report the case of a boy aged 13 years and 9 months, with predominantly right-sided spastic tetraparesis, who could walk with assistance, GMFCS III, phenotype consistent with adiposogenital syndrome. He presented a 4-week history of left-sided limp without pain, radiologically classified as a stable, chronic slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) with mild slippage (<30º) on the Southwick classification. In situ fixation of the hip was performed using a full-headed screw, followed by six weeks of rest. Twelve years since the intervention, the patient remains asymptomatic with no clinical or radiological changes. SCFE in patients with cerebral palsy, while highly unusual, is possible. A high level of suspicion is required for diagnosing it. We would suggest ruling out the appearance of SCFE during surveillance screening of patients with cerebral palsy, ≥ 10 years-old, particularly in obese individuals with or without adiposogenital phenotype and limited ability to communicate verbally

Se presenta el caso de un paciente varón de 13 años y 9 meses de edad, afecto de tetraparesia espástica de predomino derecho, con capacidad de deambulación con ayuda, GMFCS III y fenotipo de syndrome adiposogenital. Mostraba cojera de cadera izquierda de cuatro semanas de evolución y sin dolor, clinica y radiológicamente clasificada de epifisiolisis proximal femoral (SCFE) izquierda, estable y crónica, con deslizamiento medio (<30º) en la clasificación de Southwick. Se realizó tratamiento quirúrgico mediante fijación in situ con tornillo de rosca completa, y seis semanas de descarga. Doce años después de la intervención el paciente permanece asintomático, sin cambios clínicos o radiológicos. SCFE en pacientes afectos de parálisis cerebral infantil (PCI), aunque muy inusual, es posible. Se precisa un alto nivel de sospecha para diagnosticarlo. La aparición de SCFE debe descartarse en el despistaje habitual de las caderas de los pacientes con PCI ≥ 10 años, particularmente en pacientes obesos con/sin fenotipo adiposogenital y capacidad limitada de comunicase verbalmente

Acute haematogenous septic arthritis of a lumbar facet joint in an otherwise healthy adolescent / Artritis séptica hematógena aguda de una articulación facetaria lumbar en un adolescente sano

Facet joint septic arthritis is a rare cause of spinal infection in children with only four cases reported. The transmission pathway is believed to be haematogenous in 72% of cases. The authors present the case of a 13-year-old boy hospitalised for acute lumbosciatalgia, limp and fever, with pain upon palpation of the paravertebral muscles, a positive Laségue signal and elevated serum inflammatory markers. The initial lumbar computerised tomography (TC) scan revealed no abnormalities in the interapophyseal joints. After improving on treatment with analgesics and antibiotics, he was readmitted one month later due to clinical deterioration, and septic arthritis of left facet joint L3-L4 was confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The patient experienced a full recovery after treatment with systemic antibiotics (cefotaxime-cloxacilin) and rehabilitation

La artritis séptica facetaria es una infección raquídea excepcional en niños, con solo cuatro casos publicados. Se cree que en el 72% de los casos el mecanismo de transmisión es hematógeno. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 13 años que fue hospitalizado por lumbociatalgia aguda, cojera y fiebre, con contractura y dolor a la palpación de la musculatura paravertebral, signo de Laségue positivo y elevación de los marcadores séricos inflamatorios. La tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) inicial no mostró anomalías en las articulaciones interapofisarias lumbares. Tras haber mejorado con analgésicos y antibióticos, el paciente reingresó un mes más tarde por deterioro clínico de los síntomas, y la resonancia magnética (RMN) mostró artritis séptica de la articulación interfacetaria izquierda de L3-L4. El paciente obtuvo una recuperación completa con tratamiento antibiotico (cefotaxima-cloxacilina) y rehabilitación. Se requiere un alto grado de sospecha para poder diagnosticar esta localización anatómica como manifestación de lumbociática y/o cojera en niños. Se requiere TAC o, preferiblemente, RMN para confirmar el diagnóstico

Distal radial torus fracture in an adult. A new type of occult wrist fracture? / Fractura en rodete distal de radio en adulto. ¿Un nuevo tipo de fractura oculta de muñeca?

Torus or buckle fractures typically affect children who have suffered indirect minor wrist injuries. They are axial compression-type metaphyseal fractures of cortical and cancellous bone, which are stable and their treatment therefore consists in immobilisation of the joint for three to four weeks. We present an atypical case of distal radius torus fracture in a 19-year-old adult male, which has not been previously reported in adults and can be considered a new type of occult fracture. Knowledge of this possibility is mandatory to be able to make a differential diagnosis of wrist sprain in adults, and avoid performing superfluous complementary tests due to the persistence of pain and functional incapacity

Las fracturas en rodete afectan típicamente a niños que sufren un traumatismo leve indirecto en la muñeca. Son fracturas metafisarias por compresión axial del hueso cortical y esponjoso que son estables y que, por tanto, su tratamiento consiste en inmovilizar la articulación durante un periodo de tres a cuatro semanas. Presentamos un atípico caso de fractura distal de radio en rodete en un hombre de 19 años, que no ha sido previamente descrita en adultos y puede ser considerada un nuevo tipo de fractura oculta. El conocimiento de esta posibilidad es esencial para poder realizar el diagnóstico diferencial con un esguince de muñeca en adultos, y evitar la realización de pruebas complementarias innecesarias ante la persistencia del dolor y de incapacidad funcional

Dupuytren's disease in a child: a long-term evolution after surgery.

We report the case of a 13-year-old girl who presented with a fibrous nodular lesion on the palm of her hand. After ultrasonographic examination, surgical resection of the skin (dermofasciectomy) was performed, and a nodular phase mass was recovered, characterized as fusocellular fibroblast proliferation in a dense collagenous stroma with a cell population consisting of parallel fascicles of densely packed fusiform cells of a fibroblast strain. No signs of encapsulation or malignant changes were observed, all of which was consistent with Dupuytren's disease. This lesion is exceptional in childhood. Sixteen years later, the patient has not relapsed, and retains full active and passive mobility. Dupuytren's disease in childhood must be considered in the differential diagnosis of any hard palmar lesion. Diagnostic uncertainty and the fact that a hard palmar lesion in children may be clinically indistinguishable from a malignant process mean that resection of the lesion and histological examination are required.

Study of fall risk-increasing drugs in elderly patients before and after a bone fracture.

BACKGROUND: Accidental falls have a significant economic and human impact. The use of certain drugs is one of the modifiable risk factors associated with these events. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of use and to explore changes in treatment with fall-related drugs in patients over 65 years of age admitted as a result of a fall-related fracture. METHODS: Observational and prospective study performed in a tertiary level hospital. A list of fall risk-increasing drugs (FRIDs) was drawn up. The main study variables were number and type of FRIDs prescribed at admission and 1 month after the fracture and number, type, treating physician and place where changes in FRIDs were implemented. RESULTS: In total, 252 patients were included. At admission, 91.3% were receiving at least one FRID, mean daily use was 3.1 FRIDs and the most frequently prescribed FRIDs were diuretics (18%), renin-angiotensin system-acting agents (15.8%) and antidepressants (15%). One month later, mean daily use was 3.4 FRIDs (p=0.099) and a significant increase was detected in the use of hypnotics (p=0.003) and antidepressants (p=0.042). A total of 327 changes in treatment were recorded (1.3 changes/patient). Of the changes, 52.6% were new prescriptions, 72.2% occurred at discharge and 56.6% were ordered by a geriatrician. CONCLUSIONS: The use of FRIDs among patients with a fall-related fracture is very high. This use rises 1 month after the fracture, significantly in the case of hypnotics and antidepressants.

Partial double-layered patella in a nondysplasic adolescent.

Double-layered patella (DLP) is a rare patella-formation abnormality reported in association with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. DLP is one of the five types of bipartite patella, caused by a coronal septum that divides the patella into anterior and posterior segments. Although the double layer of bone has been reported as complete, it may also manifest as partial, as in our case. A 13-year-old male patient attended A&E after accidentally falling and sustaining a direct injury to his left knee, with pain in the anterior surface of the right patella. He was diagnosed with an incomplete vertical fracture of the left patella. An axial view radiography indicated an external partial DLP. No bone dysplasia was found. Computed tomographic scan and MRI showed partial DLP and bone marrow oedema because of the injury in the femoral condyle, but no fracture. The reason for highlighting this type of patella abnormality is to present the case of a patient without bone dysplasia, either partial or incomplete, that has not been reported previously. We also wish to emphasize the importance of not confusing it with a fracture in standard radiographies.

WITHDRAWN: Symptomatic Os Vesalianum Pedis: Long-Term Follow-Up of a Rare Entity in Childhood.

This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.

Efficacy of reduction maneuvers for "pulled elbow" in children: a prospective study of 115 cases.

BACKGROUND: The objective of our study is to determine the relative efficacy of the 2 reduction maneuvers, hyperpronation (HP) and supination-flexion (SF), in pulled elbow (PE). METHODS: We conducted a randomized, prospective study of 2 reduction maneuvers in 115 patients with PE and a mean age of 2 years and 3 months. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: group A, with 65 children (56.52%) who underwent HP; and group B, with 50 children (43.47%) who underwent SF. RESULTS: In 97.39% of the children, reduction was achieved by manipulation. Reduction was achieved at first attempt (using either maneuver) in 101 of 115 patients (87.82%), with 93.84% success for HP and 80% for SF (P=0.0243). Most patients in whom our first attempts failed (85.71%) had undergone prior manipulation: 100% of treatment failures from group A; and 80% of failures from group B. Most (95.04%) patients in whom our first attempts succeeded had not undergone prior manipulation: 93.44% from group A; and 97.5% from group B. A significant relationship was found when comparing those who had undergone prior manipulation from group A (P=0.0001) and group B (P=0.000000072). CONCLUSIONS: Although both SF and HP are effective for reduction of PE, a higher first-attempt success rate was achieved by HP, and this should therefore be the first maneuver used. In recurring cases, it would seem appropriate to teach the child's parents the HP maneuver as the most effective and easiest to do.

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome of the forearm in adolescents.

PURPOSE: Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) is a well-known process, although rare in the forearm. The diagnosis is based on history, clinical examination, and compartment pressure readings. My objective is to present the largest series of CECS of the forearm in adolescents and describe my experience in its management and evolution. METHODS: I reviewed 5 patients, 4 male (competing in motorcycling or motocross) and 1 female (CECS in both the legs and forearms), aged between 15 and 18 years. Volar and dorsal compartments were affected in 3 patients and isolated volar in 2 cases. The clinical diagnosis was objectively confirmed by measuring ICP with a low-pressure digital transducer (Stryker). RESULTS: Open fasciotomy was carried out in 4 patients. They resumed their athletic activities 6 weeks after surgery without complications, increasing their athletic performance level in line with their preoperative status. All these patients remained asymptomatic, recovering their previous competitive levels. The results were objectively classified as excellent in all 4 cases. After a mean follow-up of 6 years, the condition has not relapsed in any of the patients. Two of the patients agreed to a new ICP measurement 1 year after the surgery, showing normal values. CONCLUSIONS: CECS in the forearm in adolescents is a rare condition that occurs after puberty. A high index of suspicion is necessary to diagnose it. It is based on symptoms and ICP measurements. Most patients are competing motorcyclists. Surgical treatment, involving isolated decompression of the superficial volar compartment, is safe and effective (restoring normal ICP).

Avascular necrosis of the intermediate cuneiform bone in a child: a very rare cause of limp in a child. A variant of the normality?

Only four cases of avascular necrosis in the intermediate cuneiform bone have been described. A new case of avascular necrosis of the intermediate cuneiform bone as a very rare cause of limp is presented. A boy aged 4 years and 4 months came to the clinic with a 1-month history of pain in the left foot and on palpation of the base of the third metatarsal of the left foot. There were no signs of inflammation, bruising, erythema or fever. In the radiograph, a clear increase in the radiological density of the second cuneiform bone was seen. No treatment was prescribed. The symptoms remitted spontaneously after 2 weeks. The pain did not return and the patient was asymptomatic after 3 months. Five months later he presented a normal radiograph, continuing to be completely asymptomatic. One year later, he remained asymptomatic and carried out normal sports activities. A high index of suspicion is necessary with the aim of avoiding the performance of superfluous diagnostic tests (laboratory tests, MRIs or technetium-99 bone scans). The indication of treatments should be avoided, including conservative treatments such as shoe inserts or casts. Given its benign nature as well as the possibility of it presenting with no symptoms, we believe that it may be considered as a variant of normality.

Primary obturator-muscle pyomyositis in immunocompetent children.

PURPOSE: Primary pyomyositis in immunocompetent children in non-tropical regions (countries with temperate climates) is very uncommon. It is rarely found in the intrapelvic muscles, and even more rarely in the obturator muscles. We try to draw attention to the potential occurrence in these conditions. METHODS: Five new cases of primary obturator-muscle pyomyositis in immunocompetent children aged between 6 and 11 years in a temperate climate are presented. They present with symptoms as follows: fever, pain (thigh, abdominal, inguinal, and/or hip pain), and limp. Three of them had no hip movement limitation. All of them had tenderness in the perineum zone. RESULTS: Laboratory tests may reveal high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) counts, but depend on the length of diagnostic delay. The evolution time oscillated from 1 to 5 days. Fever and limp disappearance depends on the evolution time previous to the onset of the antibiotics administration. In 4 out of 5 patients, Staphylococcus aureus was present in the blood cultures. In all cases of obturator-muscle pyomyositis, diagnosis was confirmed using computed tomography (CT) scan (one) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (four). CONCLUSIONS: Obturator-muscle pyomyositis is aimed at emphasizing the diagnostic difficulties associated with the condition, due to its deep location and to the fact that the disease presents with multiple manifestations that may initially cause confusion, since they mimic other conditions occurring in the abdomen, hip (septic arthritis, osteomyelitis), spine, etc. The diagnosis is only confirmed using CT scan and/or MRI. In the five patients with antibiotics treatment, the condition resolves without sequelae, even at long-term follow-up.

Developmental anterior dislocation of the radial head resulting from a congenital solitary osteochondroma of the proximal ulna in an infant.

A 4-month-old female infant was brought to our office by her parents, who had noticed a lump on the child's right elbow. Examination revealed a hard, painless lump in the antero-external region that was not reducible in flexion-extension or in pronation-supination. Neither palpation nor passive motion produced pain. Preoperative radiographs revealed a bony mass in the anteroexternal region of the proximal ulnar metaphysic (solitary osteochondroma), which was displacing the radial head into anteroexternal dislocation. No physiological bowing of the proximal metaphysis of the ulna was present. The infant underwent surgery at 6 months of age. No remains of the annular ligament were found. A complete resection of the tumour mass was performed, after which it was possible to reduce the radial head, together with the humeral condyle. Trans-radiocapitellar fixation was applied, with immobilization for 6 weeks. Subsequent radiological study revealed a congruent reduction of the radial head, with a progressive periosteal reaction of the posterior cortex of the ulna that evolved towards remodeling of the physiological bowing. Eight years after the surgery, the child remains asymptomatic, with complete range of motion and symmetric carrying angles. There were no relapses of osteochondroma, the deformity, or radioulnar synostosis.